Countershading Definition and Examples

Countershading is a type of coloration commonly found in animals and means that the animals back (dorsal side) is dark while its underside (ventral side) is light. This shading helps an animal blend in with its surroundings. Description In the ocean, countershading camouflages an animal from predators or prey. When viewed from below, an animals lighter belly would blend in with the lighter sky above. When viewed from above, its darker back would blend in with the ocean bottom underneath. Countershading in the Military Countershading has also had military applications. German and U.S. military planes used countershading to hide from their enemies by  painting the bottom of the plane white and the top of the plane to match the color of the surrounding area.   Reverse Countershading Theres also reverse countershading, light on top and dark on the underside, which can be seen in skunks and honey badgers. Reverse countershading is typically seen in animals with strong natural defenses.   Alternate Spellings: Counter Shading, Counter-Shading Several rorqual whales are counter-shaded, including fin whales, humpback whales, and minke whales.

How Does the Childhood Obesity Rates Compare in Wales and Usa

How Does The Childhood Obesity Rates Compare in Wales and USA Intro I have chosen the issue of childhood obesity in Wales and America. I have chosen this issue as obesity is a main problem in today’s society, and I want to see how Wales compares to what is known as the ‘Fattest’ country, America. Also I hope to find out the main reasons behind the high or low rates in obesity. This topic interests me as it has a big impact on today’s youth, and I as a rugby player would prefer to see more people out exercising than sitting in the house eating. Aims For my investigation I have found both secondary and primary information. My secondary information is from various sources off the internet. This will help me find out the†¦show more content†¦With the United Kingdom number three in the world with 23% of the population being classed as obese. Rank Country %Population Obesity 1 USA 30.6 2 Mexico 24.2 3 United Kingdom 23 (information from http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_obe-health-obesity) America is rated the number one for obesity in the whole world, with a 30.6% of the population being classed as obese. Also it has had its own T.V. documentary show done on it, â€Å"Super Size Me† which shows what Americans eat and the drastic damage it can do to your body. I have found from my research that child obesity is a major issue in Wales and more so, America. There needs to be drastic changes to try solve this problem, yet there doesn’t seem anyone/any organisation big enough to do so. However, there are small changes over world that I have noticed, such as schools taking out more fatty foods and bringing in new healthy options to take there place. This started with Jamie Oliver going round Britain looking at school dinners and then giving the children a new healthy option. Also from my research I have found that in both America and Wales the main cause seems to be an unhealthy diet combined with a lack of exercise. High-calorie foods such as chocolates, sweets and fast food are cheap and readily available to children. Alongside this, physical activity and exercise are no longer a part of most childrens days - some children never walk or cycle to school or play sport. Instead, many of themShow MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - C ase164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depthRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesthat you can download or listen to online †¢ Video cases that show real managers talking about their own organisations †¢ Revision flashcards to help you prepare for your exams †¢ A multi-lingual online glossary to help explain key concepts †¢ Guidance on how to analyse a case study †¢ Links to relevant sites on the web so you can explore more about the organisations featured in the case studies †¢ Classic cases – over 30 case studies from previous editions of t he book †¢ The Strategy Experience simulation

Forensic Toxic 5 Human Growth Hormone †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Forensic Toxic 5 Human Growth Hormone. Answer: One of the major challenges facing the regulation of drug use at the 2000 Olympic Games was the detection of substances such as growth hormone. This paper investigates the Human Growth Hormone (HGH) or Somatotropin on brief review of this substance detailing its pharmacological action and a comprehensive discussion of what is considered appropriate approach to somatotropins detection in human specimens. HGH is secreted by the pituitary gland. It shoots growth in children and adolescents. It further helps in the regulation of body fluids, body composition, muscle growth, bone growth, fat and sugar metabolism and function. Somatotropin is a protein-hormone of around one-ninety amino acids which is synthesized and subsequently secreted by somatotrophs cells in anterior pituitary. It plays a key role in controlling various multifaceted physiologic processes such as metabolism and growth (Brouwers et al., 2014). It is further of a substantial interest as a substance or drug in humans. The direct effects physiologically of HGH is that outcome of HGH binding respective receptor on the cells (target). Adipocytes (fat cells) for instance have HGH receptors, and HGH stimulates them to decompose triglyceride as well as suppress their abilities to absorb and amass mingling lipids. The indirect effects physiologically of HGH remain mainly mediated by an insulin-kind growth factor-I (IGF-I). This hormone is secreted from liver alongside other tissues in reaction to HGH. HGHs growth endorsing effects is majorly because of IGF-I working on its corresponding cells (target). In terms of growth effects, the primary role of HGH in the stimulation of the body growth by stimulating liver alongside additional tissues to secret IGF-I. IGF-I subsequently stimulates the proliferation of chondrocytes resulting in growth of bone. HGH has direct effect on growth of bone in stimulating differentiation of chondrocytes. IGF-I is a key player in muscle growth via the stimulation of both proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. IGF-I further stimulates amino acid absorption alongside synthesis of protein in muscles and additional tissues. GH has key metabolic effects on protein, lipids and carbohydrates metabolism (Lewis et al., 2015). In protein metabolism, HGH stimulates protein anabolism in various tissues which is manifested in increased amino acid absorption, surged synthesis of protein and declined protein oxidation. In fat metabolism, HGH boosts the use of fat via the stimulation of triglyceride decomposition as well as oxidation in adipocytes. In carbohyd rate metabolism, HGH serves in the maintenance of blood glucose within a regular level. HGH is usually has anti-insulin since it overwhelms insulin ability to stimulate glucose absorption in the peripheral tissues and boost synthesis of glucose in liver (Van-Helden, Hermsen, Von-Ahsen Bidlingmaier, 2014). Paradoxically, HGH administration stimulates secretion of insulin, culminating in hyperinsulinemia. HGH acts on somatic growth and tissue maintenance. These action are mediated by a secreted protein called IGF-I whose gene expression is swiftly and strongly induced by HGH by unknown means. The use of HGH as a performance enhancing substance in sports has caught public attention. The use of HMH amongst athletes make them feel less tired and hence athletes can perform better. HGH also speeds up and lessens recovery time which benefits athletes irrespective of what sport they are competing in or how long they compete (Fisher, Rosenfeld, Jaron-Mendelson, Amitzi, Koren Hart, 2017). The athletes turn to HGH in hopes that it will keep them looking and feeing youthful. However, experts have warned against such hopes as unfounded. And worse, experts warn that HGH products can be quite harmful to ones body (Gonzalez, Windram, Sathyapalan, Javed, Clark Atkin, 2017). The high uses and abuses of HGH have been acknowledged. The synthetic HGH was developed and subsequently approved in 1985 for particular usage in adults and children by FDA. In kids, HGH injections are approved for the treatment of short stature of unknown triggers and poor growth because of an array of medical causes: HGH deficiency/insufficiency, kids born small for gestational age, chronic kidney disease, Prader-Willi Syndrome and Turners syndrome. Among adults, HGH is approved for: muscle-wasting disease linked to HIV/AIDS, HGH deficiency as a result of rare pituitary tumors and short bowel syndrome. However, the most common HGH usage are never FDA-approved. Certain individuals use HGH, alongside additional performance-boosting substances like anabolic steroids to build muscle as well as enhance athletic performance. But the effect of HGH on athletic performance remains unknown (Deal et al., 2013). Due to the level of HGH in the body which naturally drops with age, the so-called anti-aging specialists have speculated as well as claimed that HGH products might revert age-linked bodily deterioration (Meyer, Burgos-Robles, Liu, Correia Goosens, 2014). However, such claims, also, remain unproven. The HGH use for anti-aging is never FDA-approved. The HGHs side effects and hazards must be understood. The possible HGH side effects entail nerve, muscle or joint pain; swelling because of fluid in tissues (edema); carpal tunnel syndrome; higher levels of cholesterol; and numbness and skin tingling. It can also surge risks of diabetes hence contributing to cancerous tumors growth (Owen, Ma ngelsdorf Kliewer, 2015). HGH is both harmful and beneficial for healthy adults. Studies on healthy adults who take HGH are scarce. Albeit it seems that HGH can boost muscle mass and decrease the body fat levels in healthy elderly (Bennett, 2013). The rise in muscle does not translate into boosted strength. It is never clear if HGH could provide additional benefits to healthy adults. Testing: Both blood and drug test are used to detect the presence of synthetic HGH in body. The urine test is not enough as it cannot detect HGH. Further, HGH presence cannot be detected after 72 hours from time of its use via a blood test. This implies that athletes must undergo through required HGH test like blood test within 72 hours to positively detect HGH. The best approach is for NBA, MLS, NFL, Olympics, MLB, and NCAA to undertake random HGH testing. This will bar athletes from knowing when they will undergo the test. Informing athletes about the dates and time of test will mean, they will stop using supplements leading to misdiagnoses. References Bennett, R. (2013). Growth Hormone Deficiency in Fibromyalgia. Brouwers, B., de Faudeur, G., Osipovich, A. B., Goyvaerts, L., Lemaire, K., Boesmans, L., ... Van Schoors, J. (2014). Impaired islet function in commonly used transgenic mouse lines due to human growth hormone minigene expression. Cell metabolism, 20(6), 979-990. Deal, C. L., Tony, M., Hybye, C., Allen, D. B., Tauber, M., Christiansen, J. S., 2011 Growth Hormone in Prader-Willi Syndrome Clinical Care Guidelines Workshop Participants. (2013). Growth Hormone Research Society workshop summary: consensus guidelines for recombinant human growth hormone therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 98(6), E1072-E1087. Fisher, D. M., Rosenfeld, R. G., Jaron-Mendelson, M., Amitzi, L., Koren, R., Hart, G. (2017). Supplementary Material for: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of MOD-4023, a Long-Acting Human Growth Hormone, in Growth Hormone Deficiency Children. Gonzalez, S., Windram, J. D., Sathyapalan, T., Javed, Z., Clark, A. L., Atkin, S. L. (2017). Effects of human recombinant growth hormone on exercise capacity, cardiac structure, and cardiac function in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Journal of International Medical Research, 0300060517723798. Lewis, A. L., Jordan, F., Patel, T., Jeffery, K., King, G., Savage, M., ... Illum, L. (2015). Intranasal Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Induces IGF-1 Levels Comparable With Subcutaneous Injection With Lower Systemic Exposure to hGH in Healthy Volunteers. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 100(11), 4364-4371. Meyer, R. M., Burgos-Robles, A., Liu, E., Correia, S. S., Goosens, K. A. (2014). A ghrelingrowth hormone axis drives stress-induced vulnerability to enhanced fear. Molecular psychiatry, 19(12), 1284-1294. Owen, B. M., Mangelsdorf, D. J., Kliewer, S. A. (2015). Tissue-specific actions of the metabolic hormones FGF15/19 and FGF21. Trends in Endocrinology Metabolism, 26(1), 22-29. Van Helden, J., Hermsen, D., Von Ahsen, N., Bidlingmaier, M. (2014). Performance evaluation of a fully automated immunoassay for the detection of human growth hormone on the Elecsys immunoassay system. Clinical laboratory, 60(10), 1641-1651.

Corporate social responsible and sustainable - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: discuss about the Corporate social responsible and sustainable. Answer: Introduction CSR is the concept that focuses on completing the activities of the organization and also the activities give benefit to the society. It is concerned with the sustainability practices of the organization. This report will give emphasis on the CSR practices and also the connection with sustainable approaches to the organization. The study takes into consideration IKEA as it is one of the sustainable companies. The report gives emphasis on analyzing the stakeholder's approach that deals with the CSR practices of the organizations. Corporate Social Responsibility It is the concept that gives emphasis on completing the responsibility of the organization towards the society. It is seen that corporate social responsibility has become one of the most important parts of the organization as it assists to earn the revenue in a proper way. Any organizations that conduct the activities serve the society so that profitability can be achieved and the high level of satisfaction can be attained. It is evaluated that it is part that gives benefit to the society and helps the company to fulfill the responsibility. The organization as it is one of the largest organization who takes into consideration CSR practices. The company gives emphasis on enhancing the overall satisfaction level of the customers so that efficiency can be maintained (Simon and Wangsirilert, 2017). Practices of sustainability related to CSR Sustainable development can be defined as the practice that does not give negative impact on the society and also on the natural resources. Sustainability should also be taken into consideration by the by the individuals so that the practices can give a positive impact on the future generations. Sustainable development means to conduct the activities in such a manner that the coming generation can get the good environment to survive (Tai and Chuang, 2014). The theory related to the CSR activities of the organization is triple bottom line theory. This theory takes into consideration the moral community and the social responsibility. This theory gives emphasis on maintaining sustainability and also the company focuses on the activities on the basis of social, environmental and economic sustainability. If these three elements are considered by the company then it can be evaluated that activities can be operated according to competition level in the market (Strand, Freeman and Hockerts, 2015). Theory of CSR The stakeholder theory of corporate social responsibility plays a great role in managing the activities of the organization. When the discussion is made by considering sustainability it is evaluated that there are various stakeholders of the organization who have different expectation level and also to be sustainable is also the responsibility of the stakeholders. The stakeholders of the company are employees, shareholders, suppliers, and customers. Stakeholder achieves benefit and advantage by the decision of the organization. The stakeholders are the group of people. It is evaluated that stakeholder theory gives emphasis on the elements that give impact on the activities of the companies. The activities conducted by the stakeholders affect the policies of the organization and the strategic options of the organization (Marano and Kostova, 2016). It is important for the organization to consider the interest of the stakeholders so that the activities that are conducted by the organization attain overall objectives and goals. If the stakeholder interest is considered then it is possible to attain profitability and growth in the market (Beske, Land and Seuring, 2014). There are many stakeholders who have various expectations from the organization and also the decisions of the company are considered in such a manner that stakeholders can attain advantage out of it. It can be very difficult for the organization to give benefits to the stakeholders. Every employee who is conducting the activities of the organization requires growth, money and also good environment so that goals and objectives can be accomplished (Frding and Lawrence, 2017). The important customers of the organization are offered best services at less price that enhance the expectation level of the customers who want to attain high profits. This is seen that if the decisions are made properly as per the requirement, then it can help the companies to accomplish goals and objectives. The stakeholder approach focuses on the capability of the company so that CSR policies can be favorable to the stakeholders. To manage the stakeholders and also to involve the CSR managers in the organization can assist the company to enhance the importance of the stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility managers evaluate the practices that should be considered so that the activities of the organization can be conducted smoothly. If the practices are not according to the CSR practices then it can give negative impact on the overall performance of the organization (Fernando and Lawrence, 2014). Practices by IKEA The products that are considered by the organization are home appliances, furniture, and kitchen accessories. It is evaluated that the organization is sustainable in nature and also gives focus on practicing the operations that help the organization to consider the sustainable actions. IKEA is one of the companies that offer quality products and services to the customers. The customers get attracted towards the services provided by the company (Lueg, Andersen and Dancianu, 2016). It is seen if there is active participation of the company towards corporate social responsibility then overall performance and profitability can be accomplished. The sustainable strategies that are considered by the company are: The organization gives emphasis on improving the usage of the energy in the activities of the company. The company develops the products that are sustainable in nature. The organization also gives emphasis on considering all home furnishing materials that consist of recycled, recyclable and renewable. It is seen that if the organization gives emphasis on saving the natural resources then it can give positive outcome (Kang, Chiang, Huangthanapan and Downing, 2015). The organization does not take into consideration sustainable products but the emphasis is seen on dealing with the suppliers. The organization has gone beyond the reach of the supply chain and also helps to motivate the suppliers to consider the sustainable actions so that the supply chain can be sustainable. If the supplier of the organization does not give emphasis on sustainable practices then it can be difficult to accomplish the goals and objectives and also to attain profitability (Clapp and Rowlands, 2014). IKEA helps the individual to live happy and safe life by giving products that consume less energy and water at fewer prices. This assists the consumers to purchase the products at fewer prices and also saves money. Some of the examples are the LED light that consumes less energy. The advertisement is also given with the motive to make customers aware of the saving process of the energy. By giving attractive advertisements the company can easily enhance the image in the market and also the direct impact is seen on the sale of the company (Rangan, Chase and Karim, 2015). If the strategies and policies of the organization are concerned, it is evaluated that the organization makes various strategies so that the needs and wants of the customers can be satisfied. The company also gives emphasis on introducing products at low cost and also to use the technology that saves energy. This helps the company to conduct the activities according to the requirement of the society. It is evaluated that the company not only produces the products that save energy but also consider the activities that are sustainable in nature. The last strategy of the organization suggests that the organization deals with the suppliers and also to conduct the activities that are sustainable in nature. The sustainable supply chain of the organization tells that it is one of the effective sustainable practices that are considered by the organization so that the overall growth and profitability can be accomplished (Park and Ghauri, 2015). Conclusion By analyzing the report, it is evaluated that the report takes into consideration CSR and sustainability approaches. It is seen that the CSR and sustainability approaches that are used in this are related to each other. The corporate social responsibility is considered by the company so that it can be easy to survive in the competitive environment. If the company considers corporate social responsibility then the company can easily introduce the products that are sustainable in nature. The products and services that are offered to the consumers are in favor of the society. IKEA is the organization that takes into consideration the products and services related to home appliances, furniture, and kitchen accessories. IKEA is the company that is sustainable in nature and also practices the operations that should be considered by the company. IKEA is one of the companies that help to follow the theory related to stakeholders and also the focus is given on attaining the CSR policies so that the requirements can be fulfilled by the company. References Beske, P., Land, A., Seuring, S. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management practices and dynamic capabilities in the food industry: A critical analysis of the literature.International Journal of Production Economics,152, 131-143. Clapp, J., Rowlands, I. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.The Essential Guide to Global Environmental Governance. Routledge: London, 42-44. Fernando, S., Lawrence, S. (2014). A theoretical framework for CSR practices: integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory.Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research,10(1), 149-178. Frding, K., Lawrence, G. (2017). Sustainability at IKEA.Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 67-77. Kang, J. S., Chiang, C. F., Huangthanapan, K., Downing, S. (2015). Corporate social responsibility and sustainability balanced scorecard: The case study of family-owned hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,48, 124-134. Lueg, K., Lueg, R., Andersen, K., Dancianu, V. (2016). Integrated reporting with CSR practices: a pragmatic constructivist case study in a Danish cultural setting.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,21(1), 20-35. Marano, V., Kostova, T. (2016). Unpacking the institutional complexity in adoption of CSR practices in multinational enterprises.Journal of Management Studies,53(1), 28-54. Park, B. I., Ghauri, P. N. (2015). Determinants influencing CSR practices in small and medium sized MNE subsidiaries: A stakeholder perspective.Journal of World Business,50(1), 192-204. Rangan, K., Chase, L., Karim, S. (2015). The truth about CSR.Harvard Business Review,93(1/2), 40-49. Simon, L., Wangsirilert, C. (2017). How large-scale companies and social enterprises improve the sustainability of their partnership?: The case study of IKEA and Doi Tung social enterprise in Thailand. Strand, R., Freeman, R. E., Hockerts, K. (2015). Corporate social responsibility and sustainability in Scandinavia: an overview.Journal of Business Ethics,127(1), 1-15. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117.